TNF and necrotizing enterocolitis: For example, Hui et al., found that alterations in the bacterial flora of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis patients resulted in overt intestinal inflammation and increased expression of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 in the samples (Hui et al., 2017).