TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In a high-fat diet model, L. rhamnosus and acidophilus mildly decreased intrahepatic lymphocytes and TNF-α expression.9L. rhamnosus GG impaired genes involved in hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism in an NAFLD model induced by a high-fructose diet.10 Other investigations have reported that VSL#3 treatment reversed high-fat diet-induced depletion of hepatic natural killer T cells, as a consequence of direct decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IκB.11 VSL#3 also reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α.12