INS and diabetes mellitus: β-cell autoantibodies and insulitis have been incidentally reported in some children with CP undergoing TPIAT (Figure 1), and adults in the North American Pancreatitis-2 (NAPS2) study with CP or ARP and pancreatogenic DM had a 10% risk of islet autoantibody positivity, even after excluding insulin autoantibodies (which can be falsely positive with insulin treatment) from the analysis (21, 22).