APOA1 and atherosclerosis: Although deficiency (83, 84) or overexpressing (85, 86) of high density lipoprotein or apolipoprotein A-I has clearly demonstrated a reduction or acceleration of atherosclerosis respectively in mice, several clinical studies aiming to raise HDL level therapies like CETP inhibitors or niacin have no significant benefits to cardiovascular events in patients with or without DM (87).