CD34 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In 2010, we observed that the levels of circulating CD34+ HSPCs were significantly reduced by 30-40% in people with T2D, as compared to those without, and mirrored the disease’s natural history.19 Shortage of circulating HSPCs was confirmed by several investigators20 and is also observed in T1D.21 We described an early decline in pre-diabetic individuals and the first nadir in HSPC levels in newly-diagnosed T2D patients.