CSF3 and cancer: In a prospective trial, we found that low-dose (5 μg/kg) human recombinant G-CSF was able to double the levels of circulating HSPCs in healthy controls after 24 h (from ~3 to ~6 cells/μL), but exerted no effect in people with T1D or T2D, whose levels of HSPCs remained unchanged.32 Such findings in humans have been supported by 2 retrospective studies on a small (n = 62)31 and a large (n = 1041)33 cohort of patients with cancer undergoing G-CSF stimulation for autologous or allogeneic PB-HSPC transplantation.