TNF and cystic fibrosis: We found that the response to MABSC lung infection in CF follows a pattern seen in other mycobacterial infections, with a major role of CD4+ T cells, increased production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2, and low production of IL-5, meaning a Th1-dominated response (Bieri et al., 2016; Ellis et al., 2017; Marçal et al., 2020).