Furthermore, clinical studies investigating the association of serum osteocalcin and CVD risk are controversial, and the lack of consistency may be due to different study populations or different degrees of confounding factors associated with serum osteocalcin level, such as metabolic factors and chronic low-grade inflammation, and these metabolic dysfunctions are related to the progression of atherosclerosis (34–36). This evidence concerns the gene BGLAP and atherosclerosis.