Taken together, our study demonstrated that M2-EVs promoted neurological functional recovery, white matter structural remodeling and functional repair through enhancing oligodendrogenesis via EVs' miR-23a-5p possibly by directly targeting Olig3 after ischemic stroke, suggesting that M2-EVs could be a novel therapeutic strategy for promoting white matter remodeling and repair in stroke and demyelinating diseases. The gene discussed is OLIG3; the disease is demyelinating disease.