The cost analysis, therefore, needs to include the transport of the samples in addition to the laboratory cost, which, as in the case of IGF-1, can be nearly ZAR500 (approximately US$32) [171]. Potential biomarkers that have been identified in diseases other than strokes, such as copeptin, DDK-1 and MRproANP, were reported in multiple articles suggesting wider applicability in strokes. This evidence concerns the gene AVP and stroke disorder.