To understand the anti-cancer activity of DXI via KRAS, we monitored the effects of DXI on the activities of ERK, caspase 3, and E-cadherin, which are known to be associated with KRAS activity in diverse cancer cells, such as H460 and A549 (with KRAS mutation), and HCC1588 and H1650 (with KRAS WT) cell lines36,49. Here, CASP3 is linked to cancer.