Similar to the CV1 cells, in uninfected HAP1 cells, VRK1 was found predominantly in the soluble nuclear fraction (Fig. 3B, lanes 3 and 4), while WT infection results in less VRK1 detection in the soluble nuclear fractionation and greater detection in the chromatin-associated nuclear fraction (Fig. 3B, lanes 7 and 8). Here, VRK1 is linked to infection.