This is supported by the findings that mice lacking Smad3 remarkably suppress renal inflammation by reducing F4/80+ macrophages, together with CD4 and CD8 T cells in the diseased kidneys of obstructive nephropathy 26, 28, 30, 63, Ang II-induced hypertensive nephropathy 14, and ischemic-reperfusion AKI 64. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and hypertensive nephropathy.