TAT and brain ischemia: These findings were in line with those of previous studies that highlighted an effect of inhibition of JNK3 activation on the reduction of cell death during cerebral ischemia.9,38,39 Guan et al. reported Tat-JBD that hindered the assembly of JIP-1-JNK3 complexes, and the subsequent JNK3 activation was neuroprotective no matter whether Tat-JBD was used before or after hippocampal ischemia.8 This finding further supported the clinically practicability of neural-specific JNK3 inhibitors.