S100A9 and infection: Some cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were reported as clinically relevant therapeutic targets in PQ-induced inflammation.30,31 It has reported that the reduced levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines found to decrease the severity of PQ-induced lung injury.32 S100A8 and S100A9, which are members of the alarmin family that are released into the extracellular space upon infection or tissue injury, were reported to lead to the production of TNF-α and other cytokines.