Insulin resistance may also be due to the HIV-1 accessory proteins of Tat and Vpr with Vpr obstructing the transcriptional activity of insulin through inhibition of the PPAR-c activity and Tat activating the nuclear factor−κβ with induction of TNF- and blocking of the uptake of free fatty acids by adipocytes [24,34,35]. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.