Unlike previous studies conducted in women with PTL, where SPTD and MIAC/IAI were closely associated with high expression of angiogenesis-related factors in AF, such as endoglin, IGFBP-3, and VEGFR-1 [30, 62, 63], we found that the changes in angiogenesis-related biomarker levels in AF were not associated with SPTD development after cerclage placement. Here, ENG is linked to atrial fibrillation.