RETN and preterm premature rupture of the membranes: In the setting of PPROM and PTL, previous research on AF has demonstrated that increased levels of resistin are associated with IAI, histological chorioamnionitis, and SPTD in the absence of IAI [20, 56], which is consistent with the pivotal role of resistin in inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases (e.g., arthritis and atherosclerosis) [54, 57], as well as in general with the findings reported herein for AF resistin.