Of note, the demonstration that mRNA vaccination in patients with IBD undergoing TNF inhibition resulted in the induction of T cells with an IFN-γ/IL-2/IL-10 secretion profile suggests that similar functional profiles might likewise be induced in virus-specific T cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection, explaining the clinical observation that SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients undergoing TNFi treatment is generally mild (40–42). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.