In contrast to the TF overexpression approach, by repressing an RNA-binding protein polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1), two groups have reported that functional neurons including dopaminergic neurons (DAns) could be induced from astrocytes rapidly and efficiently in vivo, reconstructing the nigrostriatal circuit and improving motor deficits in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) (Qian et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TF; the disease is Parkinson disease.