CPB/DHCA resulted in significant increases in serum NGAL, the urine NGAL-to-creatinine ratio, and tissue NGAL mRNA as well as a decrease in tissue KIM-1 mRNA, with trends toward further increases in serum NGAL and the urine NGAL-to-creatinine ratio in CPB/DHCA animals with AKI that did not reach statistical significance (35). Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.