ULK1 and infection: Next, after 0, 6, and 24 h of infection with M. bovis in the two types of cells transfected with negative control and GBP2b-knockdown vectors, the AMPK, and ULK1 protein phosphorylation levels and mRNA levels were decreased after GBP2b knockdown, whereas the mTOR protein phosphorylation levels and mRNA levels were increased (Figure 6).