IGHE and allergic disease: Taken together, the administration of P. acidilactici XZ31 suppresses gluten-induced allergy possibly via the following ways: on the one hand, P. acidilactici XZ31 attenuates gluten-specific IgE production by shifting the Th1/Th2 immune balance toward Th1 polarization; on the other hand, P. acidilactici XZ31 alleviates intestinal inflammation by promoting the differentiation of goblet cells and increasing the abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria.