The SPS process mimics the severe stimulation by stressors in humans, and the behavioral endophenotypes and neurobiological alterations [e.g., glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction, and abnormal behavior and cognitive performance] in SPS rats correlate well with the clinical manifestations of human PTSD. Here, NR3C1 is linked to post-traumatic stress disorder.