FMO5 and acute kidney injury: During IRI-induced AKI, neutrophils and endothelial cells are activated by ischemia and reperfusion, generating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18, inducing neutrophils adhesion, degranulation, and activation of the NADPH oxidase (47) Interestingly, IL-6 and IL-18 were significantly increased in our urine samples after inducing renal IRI.