PTGS2 and edema: In conclusion, our data indicated that TMS-HDMF-5z exerts anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing iNOS and COX-2 expression via inactivation of AP-1, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT, along with p38 MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and carrageenan-induced paw edema.