In this case, note that the active IL-1β end product initiates endothelium dysfunction and atherosclerosis through the production of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, promoting monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation (30). Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.