TNF and intestinal obstruction: Intestinal compression and ischemia can stimulate the body's monocyte-macrophage system to produce excessive IL-6, TNF-α, and other inflammatory factors, while EGFR activation can promote the repair and regeneration of peripheral blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and peripheral nerves and regulate various biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival [26] to inhibit the inflammatory response, reduce pain, and relieve the symptoms of incomplete intestinal obstruction.