Reports indicate altered urinary expression of PDGFRα, Trp channels and other interstitial cell markers in human patients and animal models of bladder dysfunction including IC/BPS, overactive bladder (OAB), spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced OAB, and bladder outlet obstruction (Neuhaus et al., 2005; Mukerji et al., 2006; de Jongh et al., 2007; Ikeda et al., 2007; Kubota et al., 2008; Roosen et al., 2009; Gevaert et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2011; Johnston et al., 2012; Deng et al., 2015; Meng et al., 2015; Preis et al., 2015; Sancho et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2018). Here, PDGFRA is linked to Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.