VEGFA and chronic cystitis: We examined the inflammatory mediators, BDNF, NGF, VEGF, IL-6, and CCL2, and signaling kinases, pERK and pAKT, in the urinary bladder and LP, due to their established involvement in CYP-induced cystitis (Vizzard, 2000b; Malley and Vizzard, 2002; Murray et al., 2004; Corrow and Vizzard, 2007, 2009; Arms and Vizzard, 2011; Girard et al., 2011a,2016; Arms et al., 2013).