Cultured microglia initiate a robust proinflammatory response when exposed to LPS, an agonist of toll-like receptors, resulting in an altered gene signature and release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1b, TNF, and IL6), which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases [53, 54]. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.