Third, while we report here the overexpression of ATG16L1 in HCC cells and tissues, it is yet to be further verified by transmission electron microscopy or other assays whether the formation of autophagic vesicles is an important attribute in HCC tumorigenesis and whether such vesicles are formed following administration of our PAE-siRNA complex. This evidence concerns the gene ATG16L1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.