AR and spinal muscular atrophy: Notably, mRNA levels of BMPs 1–15, which are subjected to a SMAD4-dependent positive feedback regulation [18], were largely upregulated in the muscle of spinal muscular atrophy mice, which undergo denervation due to lower motor neuron degeneration [44] (Supplementary Fig. 3, online resource), and of SBMA transgenic mice upon AR silencing in peripheral tissues using a previously described miRNA approach [62] (Fig. 1h), overall suggesting a negative effect of polyQ AR on SMAD4 transcriptional activation in skeletal muscle.