Additional studies have suggested a similar role for tumor- or stroma-derived GM-CSF in promoting the expansion of neutrophils and their progenitors in association with cancer progression (Bayne et al., 2012; Bronte et al., 1999; Bronte et al., 2003; Kohanbash et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.