SOCS3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Fig. 5A and B showed that the phosphorylation of STAT3 was inhibited by GVS-12 in PA-stimulated cells. Moreover, GVS-12 promoted the expression of SOCS3 (a suppressor of STAT3 signal transduction pathway) (Fig. 5C and D). Moreover, GVS-12 could promote the expression of SOCS3 in the liver of NASH rats (Fig. 5E and F). Of note, siPPARγ diminished the regulatory effect of GVS-12 on p-STAT3 and SOCS3, implying that GVS-12-induced the down-regulation of p-STAT3 level and the up-regulation of SOCS3 expression via activating PPARγ (Fig. 5G–J).