VEGFRs are signaling proteins which play important roles in the growth of blood vessels in tumours (tumour angiogenesis).16,18 PD-L1 is a transmembrane protein that is overexpressed in several types of cancers, where PD-L1 plays a major role to allow cancers to evade the host system.19 PD-L1 can also be used as a biomarker for tumour imaging. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.