INS and diabetes mellitus: Another mutation affecting C96, p.C96Y, has been studied in Akita mice (carrying the insulin 2 Ins2+/C96Y mutation) to improve understanding of this mutation in diabetes pathogenesis, for example, misfolded proinsulin, ER stress, β-cell apoptosis or proliferation defect, or diabetes phenotype heterogeneity between male and female Akita mice (34–39).