VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Calling attention, the majority of animal studies only explored the detrimental effects of diabetic condition induced STZ on pulmonary tissue which is not completely comparable to the T2D in in vivo condition.14,15 As expected, the direction and recruitment of immune cells toward the pulmonary niche are mediated by the close interaction of immune cells with ECs.16,17 To our knowledge, there are not enough data related to the dynamic of adhesion molecules mainly intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in T2D pulmonary ECs.