TNF and gestational diabetes: In addition, CD4+ CD25 and CD4+CD25 + FOXP3 cells numbers were decreased whereas, TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by Tregs (CD4+CD25 + FOXP3+CD127-) were found to be significantly upregulated in women with GDM pregnancies compared to women with healthy pregnancies (Schober et al., 2014).