TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: In a murine model of lung fibrosis targeting type II alveolar epithelial cells in transgenic mice expressing the diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the murine surfactant protein C promoter, roflumilast lowered lung hydroxyproline content and mRNA expression of TNF-α, fibronectin (FN), and CTGF (Sisson et al., 2018).