TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: The aberrant wound-healing process in lung fibrosis passes through an inflammatory phase, with the involvement of inflammatory cells (in particular macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes) and increased levels of cytokines (e.g. TNF-α and IL-1ß) and growth factors (e.g. TGF-ß and CTGF), creating a biochemical environment that supports chronic tissue remodeling and fibrosis.