TNF and Huntington disease: The upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been also reported in the serum of several HD mouse models (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-12p70) (Björkqvist et al., 2008), in primary cultures of HD microglia isolated from R6/2 mice (IL-6, TNFα) (Crotti et al., 2014), and in microglia derived from HD human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) (IL-6, TFNα) (O’Regan et al., 2021).