Ha et al. (115) suggested that the PU.1-mediated E2 eRNA (E2 is a potential regulatory element of approximately 10 kbp that is located upstream of the TSS) in macrophages is essential for IL-1β mRNA transcription, which might influence the macrophage-assisted regulation of disease states, such as endotoxic shock, sepsis and infection. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is infection.