Insulin is a hormone that helps the transportation of glucose to adipocytes and muscle cells, increases the synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen, cellular proteins, and triglycerides in adipocytes, and reduces protein catabolism.48,49 Insulin deficiency leads to the inability of cells to utilize glucose for energy production and will cause the overstimulation of gluconeogenesis. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.