BRAF and neoplasm: Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment influences both signaling and metabolic pathways to mediate BRAF/MEK inhibitor resistance (Falcone et al., 2020), via cancer cell interactions with immune cells (Erkes et al., 2020; Tabolacci et al., 2021), cancer-associated fibroblasts (Alicea et al., 2020; Capparelli, Rosenbaum, Berger, & Aplin, 2015; Straussman et al., 2012), or extracellular matrix components (Berestjuk et al., 2022; Fedorenko et al., 2016).