Downregulated insulin signaling is a hallmark of T2D, and other signaling cascade changes occur, including downregulated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and increased PKC and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling with undesirable effects (Ren and Anversa, 2015; Dillmann, 2019). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.