2015). In the current study, XBP1 gene expression increased in the AlCl3 group, confirming ER stress in testis and epididymis. Hosseini et al. (2020) reported increased XBP1 expression in the testis and accessory male gonads in response to varicocele-induced oxidative stress and concomitant ER stress, which was confirmed by our results. This evidence concerns the gene XBP1 and varicocele.