JUN and cardiac hypertrophy: Experimental results showed that fenofibrate, as a PPAR-α agonist, can not only reduce cardiac hypertrophy by activating the PPAR-α signaling pathway that negatively regulates the binding activity of activated protein-1 (AP-1) [239, 240] but also significantly inhibit the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt induced by high glucose [241], reducing myocardial oxidative stress.