During high phosphorus treatment in CKD vascular calcification, the expression of osteoblast-like cell markers such as RUNX2 and RANKL in VSMCs increased significantly and the expression of vascular smooth muscle cell marker SM22α decreased markedly, thus suggesting osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs in the context of CKD vascular calcification [36,37]. Here, TNFSF11 is linked to chronic kidney disease.