FMO5 and infection: In line with the expected time course of immunomodulation caused by nematodes in the host6,8,11,56–59, NADPH oxidases activation in the villi is rather low, i.e. comparable to healthy tissue, at day 6 after infection but increases dramatically at day 10 and 14 after infection, i.e. during the acute phase, in the vicinity of parasites (Fig. 3e,f).