TPO and acute myeloid leukemia: The TPO/MPL regulatory pathway plays a critical role in the interaction of human leukemic stem cells (LSCs) with the hematopoietic microenvironment; the upregulation of the TPO/c-MPL signaling pathway may protect the LSCs from the effects of chemotherapy as treatment for AML and is associated with chemoresistance and AML recurrence [19, 20].