Furthermore, a study by Hakim et al. associates mitochondrial mutations with idiopathic NAFLD, as they report that non-obese NAFLD individuals harbor mutations in NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex 3, (NDUFB3) gene, which encodes a subunit of respiratory chain complex I [101]. Here, NDUFB3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.