INS and gestational diabetes: As we observed, maternal age, pre-body mass index (BMI), FPG, 1-h post-meal plasma glucose (1hPG), 2hPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin level (FINS), 1-h post-meal plasma insulin level (1hPINS), 2hPINS, HOMA-IR, obstetric history, uric acid, TG, white blood cell count, and circulating PCSK9 levels were much higher in the GDM group, while HDL and ISOGTT were significantly lower than those in the NGT group (all P < 0.05).