TNF and myocardial infarction: Right after MI, the expression levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increase, contributing to cardiac remodeling (68); miR-146a-5p induces expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including CXCL2, IL-6, and TNF-α, and activates innate immune cells such as CD45+ leukocytes, Ly6Cmid+ monocytes, Ly6G+ neutrophils via a TLR7-dependent mechanism (15).